Taufan Sandy . . .
Taufan
Sandy merupakan besar-besaran, lewat musim tropical
cyclone yang telah menjejas Jamaica, Cuba, Bahamas, Haiti, Dominican Republic, dan Amerika Syarikat (United
States), dan kini mengancam Pantai
Timur Amerika Syarikat (East Coast of the United States)
dan Kanada Timur (Eastern Canada). Ribut tropika yang ke-18 tropika,
ribut dinamakan 18, dan taufan 10 musim 2012 Atlantik taufan (2012 Atlantic hurricane season), Sandy
dibangunkan dari gelombang elongated tropical
wave di barat Laut Caribbean (Caribbean
Sea) pada 22 Oktober. Ia menjadi kemurungan tropika, cepat diperkukuhkan,
dan telah dinaik taraf kepada ribut tropika enam jam kemudian. Sandy berpindah
perlahan-lahan utara ke arah Greater
Antilles dan secara beransur-ansur diperkukuhkan.
Pada
24 Oktober, Sandy telah dinaik taraf kepada taufan, sejurus sebelum membuat
pendaratan di Jamaica. Setelah bergerak lebih jauh ke utara, Sandy semula
memasuki air dan membuat pendaratan kedua di Cuba pada awal pagi Oktober 25
sebagai taufan Kategori 2. Pada lewat petang Oktober 25, Sandy melemahkan
kekuatan Kategori 1; pada waktu awal Oktober 26, ia menuju utara melalui
Bahamas. Sandy ringkas lemah kepada ribut tropika di waktu awal pagi Oktober
27, maka restrengthened kepada taufan Kategori 1 (Category 1 hurricane) kemudian bahawa pagi dan
kekal kekuatan yang melalui malam Oktober 28. Pada 23:00 EDT pada 28 Oktober,
Sandy melepasi Taufan Igor (Hurricane
Igor) (2010) untuk menjadi taufan terbesar dalam sejarah Atlantik (largest hurricane in Atlantic
history), dengan maksimum angin-kuasa angin diameter 930 batu (1500 km).
Sejurus selepas tengah malam 29 Okt, Sandy berpaling ke utara. Sejurus sebelum
08:00, Sandy berpaling ke utara-barat laut dan mula membuat pendekatan yang
dijangkakan ke arah pantai Amerika Syarikat.
Satu
gelombang tropika telah bergerak ke arah barat melalui Laut Caribbean timur
pada 19 Oktober 2012. Ia mempunyai kawasan tekanan rendah dilanjutkan, dan
keadaan dijangka beransur-ansur menjadi lebih baik untuk pembangunan. Pada 20
Oktober, sistem menjadi lebih teratur, dan Amerika Syarikat Pusat Taufan
Kebangsaan (NHC) menilai potensi yang tinggi untuk ia menjadi siklon tropika
dalam tempoh 48 jam. Pada hari berikutnya, perolakan bersekutu, atau ribut
petir, telah menjadi minimum, walaupun tekanan barometer di kawasan itu kekal
rendah, yang digemari pembangunan. Ribut petir secara beransur-ansur meningkat,
manakala sistem perlahan dan menjadi hampir pegun lebih Caribbean barat. Pada
1500 UTC pada 22 Oktober, NHC memulakan nasihat Lapan belas Kemurungan Tropika
kira-kira 320 batu (515 km) selatan Kingston, Jamaica. Ini adalah berdasarkan
pemerhatian permukaan dan imejan satelit, yang menunjukkan sistem telah
dibangunkan perolakan cukup dianjurkan untuk diklasifikasikan.
Apabila
lekukan tropika terbentuk, ia adalah di kawasan arus stereng lemah selatan
rabung melanjutkan ke timur dari Teluk Mexico. Rendah angin ricih dan panas
suhu permukaan laut kondusif kepada pengukuhan dan pesat pendalaman. Lewat pada
22 Oktober, Taufan Hunters penerbangan diperhatikan angin 40 mph (64 km/h)
dalam rainband, yang mendorong NHC untuk menaik taraf kemurungan Ribut Tropika
Sandy. Aliran keluar meningkat, manakala suasana lembap membantu perolakan
menganjurkan lagi. NHC menyatakan bahawa "masih hampir pegun sepanjang
perairan hangat Laut Caribbean barat daya tidak adalah satu petanda yang baik
untuk masa tahun ini." Namun, corak awan mulanya kekal sebahagian besarnya
sama. Awal pada 24 Oktober mata mula membangunkan. Pada masa itu, Sandy telah
terus bergerak ke arah utara, dilukis oleh palung menghampiri dari barat laut.
Pada 11:00 EDT (1500 UTC) pada 24 Oktober, NHC dinaik taraf Sandy kepada status
taufan selepas Pemburu Taufan diperhatikan penerbangan tahap angin 99 mph (159
km/h). Pada masa itu, Sandy adalah kira-kira 65 batu (105 km) selatan Kingston,
Jamaica.
Pada
kira-kira 3:00 EDT (1900 UTC) pada 24 Oktober, Sandy dibuat pendaratan berhampiran
Kingston dengan angin kira-kira 80 mph (130 km/h) Hanya luar pesisir Cuba,
Sandy pesat dipergiatkan ke taufan Kategori 2 pada skala Saffir-Simpson dengan
110 mph (175 km/h) angin. Tidak lama selepas itu di 01:25 EDT (0525 UTC),
taufan melanda Cuba hanya barat Santiago de Cuba. Pada pendaratan, Sandy
mempunyai mata yang jelas lebih 23 batu (37 km) diameter, dan angin tahap penerbangan
mencapai 135 mph (216 km/h). Walaupun atas tanah, struktur merosot dan mata
adalah tidak lagi kelihatan. Selepas Sandy keluar Cuba, udara kering dan ricih
meningkat terhad aliran keluar dan menyebabkan struktur untuk menjadi tidak
teratur. Satu rendah peringkat pertengahan ke atas Florida bertukar taufan ke
arah utara-barat laut. Menjelang awal pada 26 Oktober, kebanyakan olakan
sheared ke utara pusat, dan saiz ribut bertambah dengan banyak. Pada hari
berikutnya, NHC mengatakan bahawa Sandy "menunjukkan ciri-ciri siklon
hibrid . . . seperti frontallow satu tersumbat." Walau bagaimanapun,
sistem mengekalkan teras haba panas, dan walaupun mph kuat 60 (95 km/h) ricih
angin, taufan terus membangunkan ribut petir disebabkan kecapahan baik dari
palung berhampiran; bekas yang sama bertukar Sandy ke arah timur laut. Pada 27
Oktober, Sandy ringkas lemah kepada ribut tropika, selepas udara kering menjadi
sepenuhnya ditelan ke dalam peredaran pertengahan dan peringkat atasan.
Kemudian hari itu, bagaimanapun, laporan angin dari Pemburu Taufan menunjukkan
bahawa Sandy semula dipergiatkan ke dalam taufan.
Ribut maklumat semasa
Sehingga
8 pagi EDT (1200 UTC) Oktober 29, Taufan Sandy terletak dalam lingkungan 20
batu nautika sebanyak 35.9 ° N 70,5 ° W, kira-kira 265 batu (425 km) tenggara
Atlantic City, New Jersey dan kira-kira 310 batu (505 km) selatan-tenggara New
York. Maksimum angin berterusan adalah 75 knot (85 mph 140 km / h), dengan
gusts kuat. Tekanan pusat minimum ialah 946 mbar (hPa; 27,94 inHg), dan sistem
ini bergerak ke utara pada 17 kt (20 mph, 32 km / h).
Taufan
angin kuasa melanjutkan sehingga kepada 175 batu (280 km) dari pusat Sandy,
terutamanya di barat daya, dan kuasa ribut tropika angin sehingga 485 batu (780
km) dari pusat.
Untuk
maklumat terkini rasmi lihat:
*
terbaru Penasihat Awam NHC pada Taufan Sandy (latest Public
Advisory on Hurricane Sandy)
.jpg)
Sandy 2012 Oct 28/16.00
(UTC)
Hurricane Sandy
Hurricane
Sandy is
a massive, late-season tropical
cyclone that has affected Jamaica, Cuba, The Bahamas, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and the United
States, and is currently threatening the East Coast of the United States and Eastern
Canada. The 18th tropical cyclone, 18th named storm, and 10th hurricane of
the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season,
Sandy developed from an elongated tropical
wave in the western Caribbean
Sea on October 22. It became a tropical depression, quickly
strengthened, and was upgraded to a tropical storm six hours later. Sandy moved
slowly northward toward the Greater
Antilles and gradually strengthened.
On
October 24, Sandy was upgraded to a hurricane, shortly before making
landfall in Jamaica. Upon moving farther north, Sandy re-entered water and made
its second landfall in Cuba during the early morning of October 25 as a
Category 2 hurricane. During the late evening of October 25, Sandy weakened to
Category 1 strength; in the early hours of October 26, it headed north through
the Bahamas. Sandy briefly weakened to a tropical storm in the early
morning hours of October 27, then restrengthened to a Category 1 hurricane later that morning
and remained that strength through the evening of October 28. At 11:00 p.m. EDT
on October 28, Sandy surpassed Hurricane
Igor (2010) to become the largest hurricane in Atlantic
history, with a maximum gale-force wind diameter of 930 mi (1500 km). Shortly
after midnight October 29, Sandy turned to the north. Just before 8:00 a.m.,
Sandy turned to the north-northwest and started to make its expected approach
towards the U.S. coast.
A tropical
wave was moving westward through the eastern Caribbean
Sea on October 19, 2012. It
had an extended low pressure area, and conditions were expected
to gradually become more favorable for development. On October 20, the
system became better organized, and the U.S. National Hurricane Center (NHC) assessed
a high potential for it to become a tropical cyclone within 48 hours. By
the next day, the associated convection, or thunderstorms, had become
minimal, although barometric pressure in the area remained
low, which favored development. The
thunderstorms gradually increased, while the system slowed and became nearly
stationary over the western Caribbean. At 1500 UTC on October 22, the NHC
initiated advisories on Tropical Depression Eighteen about 320 mi
(515 km) south of Kingston,
Jamaica. This was based on surface observations and satellite imagery,
which indicated the system had developed enough organized convection to be
classified.
When
the tropical depression formed, it was in an area of weak steering currents
south of a ridge extending eastward from the Gulf
of Mexico. Low wind shear and warm sea surface temperatures were
conducive to strengthening and rapid
deepening. Late on October 22, a Hurricane
Hunters flight observed winds of 40 mph (64 km/h) in a rainband, which
prompted NHC to upgrade the depression to Tropical Storm Sandy. Outflow increased, while moist
atmosphere helped the convection organize further. NHC noted that
"remaining nearly stationary over the warm waters of southwestern
Caribbean Sea is never a good sign for this time of year." Still,
the cloud pattern initially remained largely the same. Early
on October 24, an eye began developing. By that time, Sandy was
moving steadily northward, drawn by a trough approaching from the northwest. At
11:00 a.m. EDT (1500 UTC) on October 24, the NHC upgraded Sandy to
hurricane status after the Hurricane Hunters observed flight-level winds of
99 mph (159 km/h). At the time, Sandy was about 65 mi
(105 km) south of Kingston, Jamaica.
At
about 3:00 p.m. EDT (1900 UTC) on October 24, Sandy made landfall near
Kingston with winds of about 80 mph (130 km/h) Just offshore
Cuba, Sandy rapidly intensified into a Category 2
hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson
scale with 110 mph (175 km/h) winds. Shortly thereafter at 1:25 a.m. EDT
(0525 UTC), the hurricane struck Cuba just west of Santiago de Cuba. At
landfall, Sandy had a well-defined eye of over 23 mi (37 km) in
diameter, and flight-level winds reached 135 mph (216 km/h). While
over land, the structure deteriorated and the eye was no longer visible. After
Sandy exited Cuba, dry air and increasing shear restricted the outflow and
caused the structure to become disorganized. A
mid-level low over Florida turned the hurricane toward the north-northwest.
By early on October 26, most of the convection was sheared to the
north of the center, and the size of the storm increased greatly. By
the next day, the NHC remarked that Sandy was "showing characteristics of
a hybrid cyclone.. like an occluded frontallow."
However, the system maintained a warm thermal core, and despite strong
60 mph (95 km/h) wind shear, the hurricane continued to develop
thunderstorms due to good divergence from
a nearby trough; the same trough turned Sandy toward the northeast. On
October 27, Sandy briefly weakened to a tropical storm, after dry air
became fully ingested into the mid- and upper-level circulations. Later that
day, however, wind reports from the Hurricane Hunters indicated that Sandy
re-intensified into a hurricane.
Current
storm information
As
of 8 a.m. EDT (1200 UTC) October
29, Hurricane Sandy is located within 20 nautical miles of 35.9°N
70.5°W, about 265 mi (425 km) southeast of Atlantic City, New Jersey and about
310 mi (505 km) south-southeast of New York City. Maximum
sustained winds are 75 knots (85 mph, 140 km/h), with stronger gusts.
Minimum central pressure is 946 mbar (hPa; 27.94 inHg), and the system is
moving north at 17
kt (20 mph, 32 km/h).
Hurricane
force winds extend up to 175 miles (280 km) from the center of Sandy,
primarily to the southwest, and tropical storm force winds up to 485 miles
(780 km) from the center.
